Accounting for Employee Benefits (Pas 19)

REACTION PAPER The Seminar about â€Å"Accounting for Employee Benefits (PAS 19)† was held at Multi-Purpose Hall of Engineering Building last July 20, 2012. The speaker for this event was Mr. Ysmael Acosta. At first I was really curious about that seminar of what topic does the speaker would discuss. When the seminar goes on, there are some topic that are really interesting and some are not quite clear for me.Sometimes it makes me feel bored when listening to him because he really speak very fast, that’s why I can’t understand him very well. For now, I would like to discuss those topics that makes me interested. Employee Benefits outlines the accounting requirements for employee benefits, including short-term benefits (like wages and salaries, annual leave), post-employment benefits such as retirement benefits, other long-term benefits (like long service leave) and termination benefits.The standard establishes the principle that the cost of providing employee ben efits should be recognised in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable, and outlines how each category of employee benefits are measured, providing detailed guidance in particular about post-employment benefits. The basic principle of PAS 19 is the cost of providing employee benefits should be recognised in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable.The objective of â€Å"PAS 19† as I remembered correctly, is to prescribe the accounting and disclosure for employee benefits (that is, all forms of consideration given by an entity in exchange for service rendered by employees). The principle underlying all of the detailed requirements of the Standard is that the cost of providing employee benefits should be recognised in the period in which the benefit is earned by the employee, rather than when it is paid or payable. The scope of PAS 19 applies to wages and salaries; compensated absences (paid vacation and sick leave); profit sharing plans; bonuses; medical and ife insurance benefits during employment; housing benefits; free or subsidised goods or services given to employees; pension benefits; post-employment medical and life insurance benefits; long-service or sabbatical leave; ‘jubilee' benefits; deferred compensation programmes; and termination benefits. As time goes by, there are changes and ammendments on the PAS 19. From the simple Exposure Draft E16 Accounting for Retirement Benefits in Financial Statements of Employers (April 1980) to The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction last June 16, 2011.This issue tells that the accounting for employee benefits, particularly pensions and other post-retirement benefits, has long been a complex and difficult area and initial plans for a full review of pension accounting had to be deferred in light of competing priorities, ultimately leaving the I ASB to proceed alone on improving specific aspects of the existing requirements of IAS 19. Prior to the amendment, IAS 19 permitted choices on how to account for actuarial gains and losses on pensions and similar items, including the so-called ‘corridor approach' which resulted the deferral of gains and losses.The Exposure Draft proposed eliminating the use of the ‘corridor' approach and instead mandating all remeasurement impacts be recognised in OCI (with the remainder in profit or loss) – and in fact had proposed extending these requirements to all long-term employee benefits (e. g. certain long service leave schemes). The final amendments make the OCI presentation changes in respect of pensions (and similar items) only, but all other long term benefits are required to be measured in the same way even though changes in the recognised amount are fully reflected in profit or loss.Also changed in PAS 19 is the treatment for termination benefits, specifically the p oint in time when an entity would recognise a liability for termination benefits. The final amendments do not adopt the equivalent US-GAAP requirements verbatim (which requires individual employees to be notified), but the recognition timeframe may be extended in some cases. Finally, various other amendments to IAS 19 may have impacts in particular areas.For instance, employee benefits not settled wholly before twelve months after the end of the annual reporting period would be captured as an ‘other long term benefit' rather than a ‘short term benefit', and whilst presented as a current item in the statement of financial position, would be measured differently under the amendments. PAS 19 requires an entity to determine the rate used to discount employee benefits with reference to market yields on high quality corporate bonds. However, when there is no deep market in corporate bonds, an entity is required to use market yields on government bonds instead.The global financ ial crisis has led to a widening of the spread between yields on corporate bonds and yields on government bonds. As a result, entities with similar employee benefit obligations may report them at very different amounts. If adopted, the amendments would ensure that the comparability of financial statements is maintained across jurisdictions, regardless of whether there is a deep market for high quality corporate bonds. Time flew very fast. This seminar taught us so many things that we can use in the near future. Though there is not enough time to discuss everything, we still accomplished a lot.

A Hard Life is No Excuse for Poor Academics Essay

All too often people treat community college students are inferior to students of large universities, even believing that community college students are expected to be less successful. Doing this lowers students’ morale and makes them feel they are unworthy of obtaining gainful employment or even raising their own standards. Though this lowers morale, having a hard life absolutely is no excuse for having excessive absences, rewrites, late papers, plagiarized work, or instructors with low standards who do not require the students to adjust as needed to succeed. As a community college student, the education I am working so hard to gain has been scoffed at and even mocked. Once while having a casual conversation with a co-worker, he asked what college I attend. I told him Spartanburg Community College and he replied â€Å"that isn’t a college, it’s a technical school.† This is a prime example of how students from community colleges are treated as inferior to students of a large university. Students from every institution can suffer hardships and handle their hardships in their own way. I have seen a student who was battling cancer and still holding a B average. On the other hand, there are also students who are just lazy and that lackadaisical attitude shows in their academics. In the article â€Å"The Myth of Inferiority† T. Allen Culpepper stated: At both kinds of institutions, I have also found students who manage to complete a full load of classes successfully while working three jobs, rearing multiple children alone, caring for elderly relatives, and coping with chronic illness or disability, as well as students who take a relatively light load of courses and don’t do much else (except illicit drugs) but still manage to fail all their classes, despite considerable intelligence and ability. (330) What this all comes down to is how hard a student is willing to work on their education. The more students see instructors accepting lackluster work from lackadaisical students, the more the attitude spreads. This is where the instructor comes in. Accepting students’ excuses and excessive absences, allowing rewrites, late papers, and plagiarized work gives the instructor and in turn the institution a bad reputation. With the world literally at everyone’s finger tips, thanks to the internet, no one has the excuse that they weren’t able to at least attempt to complete and submit assignments on time and without plagiarism. Thankfully, there are instructors who don’t believe this is helpful. If asked why he would do well as a community college instructor Culpepper said he would reply, â€Å"I have learned to maintain high standards, expect students to meet them, and do whatever I can to help students meet those expectations.† After which he goes on to explain, â€Å"To lower our standards is to accept the false assumption that students â€Å"here† are inferior to students â€Å"there.†(331) In any college, students may have to adjust to a different form of learning than they are familiar with, but to change a teaching style to appease students is ridiculous. â€Å"In my experience, most students respond favorably to professors who teach well and respond negatively to professors who teach badly, regardless of the teaching methods employed.†(331) Treating someone as though they are beneath you is disrespectful and, if in a position of power, may be considered discriminatory. Though negative words don’t leave visible scars they do leave emotional scars that can turn a once successful student into a struggling, hopeless student. We are all equal and should treat each other as we would like to be treated. The sooner the world as a whole practices this, the sooner bias and discrimination can become a thing of the past. Works Cited Culpepper, T. Allen. â€Å"The Myth of Inferiority.† The Norton Mix. Ed. Judy Sieg. New York; Norton, 2012. 327-31. Print.

My Personal Goals Essay - 914 Words

The personal goals that I want to achieve as a student of the University of Phoenix are in the education and career areas of my life. In my education, my major goal is to gain knowledge in computers and network administration, eventually culminating in a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. I also wish to strengthen my grammar and interpersonal skills. In my career, my goal is to either advance from my current career as a paralegal to that of an office manager or to enter into a different career as information technology department administrator. I will use staff and university services in order to achieve my goals in a reasonable timeframe with limited obstacles. To achieve these goals I plan on using the University of†¦show more content†¦Once I have received my degree I can use it in conjunction with my Associates degree that I have in Paralegal Studies and would qualify for many legal office manager positions or I could use it to attain a job with the federal government as a paralegal (because the federal government requires any person with a paralegal certificate to also possess a Bachelors degree). The degree would also allow me to exit the legal field altogether if I wanted to and I would be able to enter Information Technology job market. When developing a time-line for my goals, it is best to divide the goals up into short and long-term goals. Short-term goals to goals that I can reasonably accomplish in the next year and long-term goals will be any goals that will be in excess of a year. Goals that I can reasonably accomplish within the next year are my ability to strengthen and develop my grammar and interpersonal skill s. After completing this class, I will be able to take additional courses that will help me grow more confident and develop my writing and speech giving capabilities. Although I dont expect these skills to perfect overnight, I do believe they will be at a higher level in about a year. My other goals will most likely be long term in length. I feel that I will meet my goal of gaining knowledge in computers and network administration in around a year and a half. Most of the courses that cover these areas are later in the universitiesShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Goals : My Goals And Goals995 Words   |  4 PagesAs someone once said, â€Å"Goals are the first step in making the invisible, visible.† Goals are important, especially for young people who may be confused on where their life is going or even where they want it to go. Goals allow you to prioritize and ultimately pave the path to success as you push towards your dreams. I have quite a few goals pertaining my career and life and to achieve them, I have to overcome my weaknesses and utilize my strengths. To start, I currently attend Lakewood High SchoolRead MoreMy Personal Goals805 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most important key factors to succeeding throughout your life is creating goals for yourself. Some goals are short-term that can be accomplished within a year, while others are long term goals that you work for over a long period of time. Majority of the goals that I have set for myself require hard word, dedication, and planning. To achieve the goals that I have set for myself, I attend an institution that drives my creative mind in a direction that will bring prosperity and achievement. ReceivingRead MoreMy Personal Goals809 Words   |  4 PagesPersistence is the cornerstone to my character and it fuels my passion towards reaching my goals. Each time I am presented with a new challenge in life it is my persistence that assures my success. Everything I have achieved is due to my willingness to press forward. I have always set ambitious goals for myself because I enjoy the proc ess required to attain them. I have found that hidden in the arduous process of attaining challenging goals is the key to developing self-discipline. I am convincedRead MoreMy Personal Goals : My Goals In My Life1685 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen the type of person to write down goals and set out to succeed them one at a time. I find it very helpful to write down my goals because I am actually looking at them and if I were to forget, I can always look back at the sheet of paper I wrote them on and resume where I left off. My list consists of long term goals as well as small, or short term, goals for myself to help reach the larger goals. I do not like to leave projects unfinished, once I put my mind to it It’s going to get done. IfRead MorePersonal Goals : My Professional Goals1159 Words   |  5 Pages1. A summary of my professional personal goals as well as your motivation for pursuing a degree: My professional goals were never clear until this last year when I started my job with Marion Construction Company as an office manager. I truly feel I have found a career path that I was meant to be in and I want to be the best at it and that is why I feel that getting my masters is so important. I would love to be an HR manager or HR educator in the future and by having my masters in HR that willRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Goals1111 Words   |  5 PagesAs I stated in my personal goals, I am focusing in developing my interpersonal skills toward my professional and personal environment. Even though this is not my first psychology class, it is always encouraging to re-learn and discover new findings in psychology. During and after the course, I found myself practicing many of the communication skills throughout my daily life such as paraphrasing, avoid stereotyping and especially analyzing my own and other’s emotions. The collaboration of the courseRead MorePers onal Statement : My Personal Goals862 Words   |  4 PagesIt is important that I provide background, as it lays the foundation of why my personal goals are what they are, and what I hope to achieve as I work toward them. Having been shaped by both challenges and victories, I believe that I have emerged as a more sensitive, caring, and worldly educator, open to new challenges and change that occur in our ever-changing world. As a late bloomer, I am currently pursuing a master’s degree in curriculum and instruction as well as an ELL endorsement that isRead MoreMy Personal Goals Of My Life849 Words   |  4 Pagestime where I achieved a personal goal in my life has to be when I had to take school serious and bring my grade up so I can have better future for myself. So let s go back to when I was in High School after leaving middle I had a bad start back towards the end of middle school I was never the kid who never did there homework, projects or anything I had to do that I was assigned to do at home and kept making excuses of why I didn t do it. After that I got in trouble by my parents we would later haveRead MoreMy Personal Statement : My Goals1488 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal mission is to constantly strive to be the best overall person that I can be within my personal and professional life. My goals are to inspire and help others and myself around me to achieve greatness and balance that will to maximize our potential that will transcend the boundaries of our dreams. In addition to my mission statement, my core life values are the foundation of my mission statement, which allows me to uphold my promises and standards. These promises and standards will affordRead MoreMy Personal Goals Of My Life923 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough a lot in my time being here on this planet. Change of dreams, loss of family, life changing moments, coming to realization of certain things and cutting people out of my life. I would not be who I am today if I did not go through everything that I have gone through, so in the end, I am happy I went through those things in life. My personal goal is to honestly just be genuinely happy with life. I know that is a clichà © statement, but that’s my goal. I want to live life to my fullest and love

The Little-Known Secrets to Order Essays Online

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The Human Of Global Warming - 892 Words

Still debated by some, human-induced global warming is now accepted in the scientific community. Earth’s average yearly temperature is getting steadily warmer; sea levels are rising due to melting ice caps; and the resulting impact on ocean life, wildlife, and human life is already evident. The human-induced buildup of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere poses serious and diverse threats to life on earth. As scientists work to develop accurate models to predict the future impact of global warming, researchers, policy makers, and industry leaders are coming to terms with what can be done today to halt and reverse the human contributions to global climate change. Recycling, reducing car pollution, and saving power at home have become global methods in reducing climate change, however, are these individual efforts effective enough to affect climate change? Of course, because over the years our global community has become more aware of the issue that they are trying these methods, and it has resulted effective in dealing with this phenomenon even if there is disagreement among liberals and conservatives. Nonetheless, these groups can agree to an extent that individual efforts in saving energy are not completely useless because they have been improving the environment. To some people, recycling represents both the strengths and weaknesses of the environmental movement: for liberals, it is a successful effort that saves resources and reflects people’s willingness to make changesShow MoreRelatedHumans Cause Global Warming1142 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Debate Today we are debating the important topic of global warming. As the affirmative team, we strongly believe that global warming is caused by the actions of humans. But this is not just a belief, this is a fact. Global warming, by definition, is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants. The greenhouse effect is the trapping of theRead MoreGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans1343 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans In modern America few problems prove to be as fundamentally problematic as the theory of human induced global warming. Its repeated coverage from within the media and political arena are influencing people worldwide, putting those who think differently in an outcast shadow. The truth of the matter is, to not believe in human induced global warming has become politically incorrect and unacceptable in the public eye. The theory of human induced global warming canRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Humans1405 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Global Warming Global warming is a dangerous issue that has been caused by the actions of human beings. The environment as a result, has changed for the worse. The effects of this situation that is currently happening is global, and can affect anyone regardless of their geographical location. The effects of global warming are enormous, and if people do not begin to do something in order to stop it, global warming could lead to the end of human kind. In this paper I planRead MoreHumans Are Responsible For Global Warming877 Words   |  4 Pagessurprising to read on the internet about ice caps melting and strong storms devastating cities. Global warming is a serious issue that should be put in consideration. However, before trying to fix such issue. We should focus on what is causing global warming. Humans are responsible for global warming. Even though, most of the earth’s population deny being responsible for global contamination/global warming. A slight change on temperature can cause a big change on the earth’s weather and environmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Humans Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has increased very rapidly over the last few years and it is having a huge impact on earth. It is being cause by the greenhouse gases that are now in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases cause the planets surface to reach a really high temperature and this is when we are able to experience the effects of global warming. Some places have been more affected than others, the places that have had a really big impact have been the coasts. This is because the as global warming increasesRead MoreThe Human Factor of Global Warming2814 Words   |  12 PagesThe Human Factor of Global Warming The Human Factor of Global Warming Global warming has been a growing concern for many over the last several decades. The effects of global warming are evident and broad, with historical research dating the first global warming crisis back 56 million years ago, better known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM (Jardine, 2011). Research from the composition of sediments of fossils shells of marine organisms conclude that carbon dioxide trapped withinRead MoreAre Humans Responsible for Global Warming?2365 Words   |  10 PagesAre Humans Responsible for Global Warming? A REVIEW OF THE FACTS APRIL 2007 AUTHORS James Wang, Ph.D. Bill Chameides, Ph.D. Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming? The case for attributing the recent global warming to human activities rests on the following undisputed scientific facts: †¢ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere. †¢ Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to over 380 ppm. CurrentRead MoreGlobal Warming: Are Humans to Blame?2304 Words   |  10 PagesGlobal Warming: Are Humans to Blame? Kelly Gaffney October 10, 2011 SCI 207 Instructor Reale In order to understand the issue of global warming (also referred to as climate change), you must first understand what it means and how it happens. Global warming is a result of a process known as the greenhouse effect, in which the light and heat from the sun are trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere by greenhouse gases; which subsequently raises the average temperature on Earth. The greenhouseRead MoreGlobal Warming and Human Population2270 Words   |  10 PagesEssay on Deforestation in India Forest loss is directly-associated with human population growth. In 1921 human population was 25. 13 crores and forests cover was 104.05 million hectares. By 1989, forests cover reduced to 64.01 m ha, while human population in 1991 reached to 84.39 crores. Deforestation is due to diversion of forest land to agricultural land, river valley projects, roads, industiy and urbanization, transmission lines and activities like shifting cultivation, fuelwood and timber collectionRead MoreHumans Are Responsible For Global Warming2056 Words   |  9 PagesDraft Humans are Responsible for Global Warming On November 8th, American citizens will go to the polls and vote for the next president of the United States. During the presidential campaign, both candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, have their own different points of view on environmental issues. Hillary Clinton affirms her commitment to the fight against climate change. She supports the Paris Agreement, which is an agreement among many nations to respond to the threat of global warming

The Rocking Horse Winner - Child in Conflict with the Adult World free essay sample

Adult conflicts come to Paul when he first sees the financial problems in his house. As a young child Paul was forced into learning about the finance issues causing him to react to the situation. Paul is continually hearing the words â€Å"There must be more money! There must be more money! The children could hear it all the time, though nobody said it aloud†¦ ‘There must be more money; oh-h-h; there must be more money, oh, now-w-w! Now-w-w – there must be more money! – More than ever! More than ever! ’† (Lawrence 19-29). Paul a twelve year old boy is feeling the burden of providing money for the family. Hearing the words â€Å"there must be more money† repeated throughout the house causes Paul to worry about what kind of financial situation his family is in. As a young child he should not know about the family’s income problems. However, through the whispering he learns of it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rocking Horse Winner Child in Conflict with the Adult World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Paul should be out having fun with his friends not worrying about money. Since Paul heard of the financial problems in the house he took it upon himself to find a way to provide for the family. Paul is forced into the adult world through learning about the financial problems in the family and trying to provide for them. Paul is starting to be fully introduced to adult conflict though the risks of gambling. Gambling can cause a person to become very rich or very poor quickly. Paul would place money on the horses â€Å"’Good! Good! Right you are! A fiver for me and a fiver for you on Daffodil’ †¦ Paul was â€Å"sure† about Lively Spark which was a quite inconsiderable horse. The boy [Paul] insisted on putting a thousand on the horse. †(Lawrence 24-27). As a child Paul should not be exposed to the adult world of gambling. Gambling is a risky game to play and Paul as a young boy doesn’t fully comprehend what he is getting into. Paul is betting thousands of dollars on horses which he may lose. Paul does not see the stress that gambling is putting on him but instead continues to gamble the money he has made. Gambling takes over what he does when he tries to figure out who the next winner will be. Paul gets stressed about not knowing the winner â€Å"But even for the Lincoln he didn’t ‘know’ and he lost fifty pounds. He became wild eyed and strange as if something were going to explode in him. † (Lawrence 29). Paul is now feeling the effects of gambling and does not know how to react to them. At such a young age Paul is not ready to lose money and he cannot handle the fact that he is. The stress that gambling has put on him to win is now catching up to him when he loses. The action that Paul is taking through gambling is an adult game and one with which he is not ready for. A young child should not be the main provider of income for a family. Paul is now worried that his family does not have enough money. Paul would place money into the bank for his family, â€Å"Paul at the others suggestion, handed over five thousand pounds to his uncle who deposited it with the family lawyer. †(Lawrence 28). Paul was becoming the main source of income for the family. He was more worried about having a steady income for the family over having friends to play with. The mother’s expensive lifestyle was now being paid for by Paul, a young child. Children should not be worried about whether their family is going to have money or not. Paul was now fully taken out of the world as a child. He became the main source of income for his family. He was now constantly worried about the situation of finances, an adult problem. Paul was in conflict with the adult world when he became the main provider for his family instead of being a kid and having fun while being provided for by his parents. Throughout the story Paul is in conflict with the adult world. In â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†, author D. H Lawrence uses Paul the protagonist to display the child in conflict with the adult world. Paul was first introduced to financial problems a reoccurring problem in the adult world. He then started to gamble and became the main source of income for his family from this. A young boy should not be doing these things for his family. These conflicts may arise every day in the adult world but are not typically problems for children. Children are now being forced into this world of adult conflict at a young age and the protagonist Paul was a victim of this in the story â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner. † Works Cited Lawrence, D. H. â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner. † Viewpoints 12 Ed. Sarah Swartz. 5th Edition Toronto: Pearson Education Canada Inc. 2002. Print.

Maude Clare Essay Example

Maude Clare Essay How does Rosetti portray Maude Clare in the shorter, 1862 version? Can the reader empathize with her situation? What purpose does the narrator serve? What might the natural world stand for in Rosettis poem? In Maude Clare Rosetti portrays a vindictive and venomous Clare: Heres my half of a golden chain Clearly Claire is bitter about her lords new marriage and wants him to know this. Nevertheless it is clear that her lord still has feelings for his mistress since he (gazes) long on her in line fifteen of the poem. By drawing on three different points of view, varying in prominence, Rosetti is able to recreate a valuable insight into Victorian conventions. She adopts a largely female dominated narrative perspective in her poem but the identification of the narrator is somewhat ambiguous allowing the reader freedom to speculate and draw their own conclusions. We will write a custom essay sample on Maude Clare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Maude Clare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Maude Clare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Angel in the House, a poem by Coventry Patmore, published in 1854 idealizes women role in society (p3 The Changing Role of Women): Man must be pleased; but him to please is womens pleasure. And if he once, by shame oppressed A comfortable word confers, She leans and weeps against against his breast, And seems to think the sin was hers She loves with love that cannot tire; And when, ah woe, she loves alone, Through passionate duty love springs higher This led to a concept which was central to Victorian beliefs about the proper ordering of society. Womens role was altruistic: she exists to give pleasure to her husband and it is in giving pleasure to others that she herself is pleased. In Maude Clare Rosetti dramatically overturns this concept with her characterization of Maude Clare and, to a lesser extent, Nell. Clare does not fit the altruistic image in the poem in which women lived to please their husbands; instead she acts selfishly thinking little of the consequences. She does not love higher when she loves alone (her lord has left her), rather that love is replaced with bitterness. Nell, by contrast is prepared to love her husband til he loves (her) best when he is totally over Maude Clare. By doing this she demonstrates many of the qualities listed in the poem which Clare evidently lacks. The theme of innate goodness and gentleness of women was picked up by the essayist John Ruskin. He wrote a text, published in 1865, outlining womens position in society. Ruskin believed that women were gentle, weak and tender (p4 The Changing Role of Women) and should be protected from the cut and thrust of society. Rosetti breaks down this stereotype in her poem by making her strongest and most prominent characters female. The lord (falters) in his place weakened by the venomous presence of Clare. In following Victorian patriarchal conventions the lord should have power over his wife/mistress but in the overturned reality conjured up by Rosetti this position is pushed aside by dominant women such as Clare. Nell seems weak and has less to say at the beginning of the poem. Instead of stealing the focus of the wedding day, as would be expected Nell instead forfeits this attention to Maude Clare. Our first meeting of Nell seems to support this: His bride was like a village maid, Maude Clare was like a queen. However in the final two stanzas she starts to challenge Clares point of view which, up to this point had been unopposed. This is plausible since, as Nell is bound to her lord by wedlock, Victorian society dictates he is obliged to support her and any children she might have with him. She claims shell take what was Clares and wear it til he loves (her) best. It is clear that Rosetti wishes her audience to sympathize with the seemingly innocent Nell. There is an air of secrecy in the poem surrounding Clares background, as if Rosetti does not feel Clare deserves any audience recognition beyond her revenge stricken faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade. Only small details of Clares relationship with her lord are released such as the image of them wading in pond and the the golden chain both supporting an image of a lord who looks after for his female inferiorities. Since no conflicting evidence is presented by the narrator the audience has no choice but to agree. In this way the role of the narrator could be seen as a vehicle for Rosettis ideas regarding the importance of marriage, ideas which were shared by many others in her time. From a modern perspective some people might be inclined to empathize with the dumped Maude Clare, in a society where a lesser emphasis on wedlock exists. By contrast Harrison suggests that the reader might feel little sympathy for Maude Clare because of her bad timing and queenly mien which suffer in comparison with Nells inferred humility with likening to a village maid. Although this is a valuable interpretation of the poem I feel that the majority of people who can identify a significant loss in their lives may at least have a degree of empathy for Clares apparent bitterness. In the poem Rosetti alludes to a number of scenes from the natural world. In the sixth and seventh stanzas she describes a romantic day that Thomas (the lord) and Maude Clare spend together. The juxtaposition of fading leaves and lilies budding by Clares speech help to order the events to the reader and show the significant amount of time that has passed since Clares romance with her lord and his marriage now to Nell. The fading leaves suggest the relationship to be fruitless and dead, hardly the image of an extravagant love affair implied by the golden chain. However the alliteration of budding bough helps to show the deep connection between the couple. Bough is an interesting choice of word since it supports the bud in nature like the husband is supposed to support his wife under Victorian ideas about the household. The buds themselves are images of new beginnings and this could be Clare telling her lover the affair is over. In conclusion Clare and Nell could, to Rosetti represent prominent female figures in Victorian society. For instance, Maude Clare, Florence Nightingale who was herself alienated and shunned by the Angel in the House concept deeming it intolerable (p.5 The Changing Role of Women). Nell, Mrs. Beeton who provided a practical and positive approach to the housewife image of Patmores poem but was far from the image of tender women adopted by Ruskin. Rosetti does in some ways support traditionalist views of women in her time, portraying the simple, domesticated Nell as her protagonist and modeling the headstrong Clare as immoral and stripping from her any personality beyond that illustrated in the poem. However it seems to me that Rosetti disagrees with the idea that women needed protecting from societys evils since the female characters presented seem anything but weak.