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The Human Of Global Warming - 892 Words

Still debated by some, human-induced global warming is now accepted in the scientific community. Earth’s average yearly temperature is getting steadily warmer; sea levels are rising due to melting ice caps; and the resulting impact on ocean life, wildlife, and human life is already evident. The human-induced buildup of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere poses serious and diverse threats to life on earth. As scientists work to develop accurate models to predict the future impact of global warming, researchers, policy makers, and industry leaders are coming to terms with what can be done today to halt and reverse the human contributions to global climate change. Recycling, reducing car pollution, and saving power at home have become global methods in reducing climate change, however, are these individual efforts effective enough to affect climate change? Of course, because over the years our global community has become more aware of the issue that they are trying these methods, and it has resulted effective in dealing with this phenomenon even if there is disagreement among liberals and conservatives. Nonetheless, these groups can agree to an extent that individual efforts in saving energy are not completely useless because they have been improving the environment. To some people, recycling represents both the strengths and weaknesses of the environmental movement: for liberals, it is a successful effort that saves resources and reflects people’s willingness to make changesShow MoreRelatedHumans Cause Global Warming1142 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Debate Today we are debating the important topic of global warming. As the affirmative team, we strongly believe that global warming is caused by the actions of humans. But this is not just a belief, this is a fact. Global warming, by definition, is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants. The greenhouse effect is the trapping of theRead MoreGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans1343 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans In modern America few problems prove to be as fundamentally problematic as the theory of human induced global warming. Its repeated coverage from within the media and political arena are influencing people worldwide, putting those who think differently in an outcast shadow. The truth of the matter is, to not believe in human induced global warming has become politically incorrect and unacceptable in the public eye. The theory of human induced global warming canRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Humans1405 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Global Warming Global warming is a dangerous issue that has been caused by the actions of human beings. The environment as a result, has changed for the worse. The effects of this situation that is currently happening is global, and can affect anyone regardless of their geographical location. The effects of global warming are enormous, and if people do not begin to do something in order to stop it, global warming could lead to the end of human kind. In this paper I planRead MoreHumans Are Responsible For Global Warming877 Words   |  4 Pagessurprising to read on the internet about ice caps melting and strong storms devastating cities. Global warming is a serious issue that should be put in consideration. However, before trying to fix such issue. We should focus on what is causing global warming. Humans are responsible for global warming. Even though, most of the earth’s population deny being responsible for global contamination/global warming. A slight change on temperature can cause a big change on the earth’s weather and environmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Humans Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has increased very rapidly over the last few years and it is having a huge impact on earth. It is being cause by the greenhouse gases that are now in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases cause the planets surface to reach a really high temperature and this is when we are able to experience the effects of global warming. Some places have been more affected than others, the places that have had a really big impact have been the coasts. This is because the as global warming increasesRead MoreThe Human Factor of Global Warming2814 Words   |  12 PagesThe Human Factor of Global Warming The Human Factor of Global Warming Global warming has been a growing concern for many over the last several decades. The effects of global warming are evident and broad, with historical research dating the first global warming crisis back 56 million years ago, better known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM (Jardine, 2011). Research from the composition of sediments of fossils shells of marine organisms conclude that carbon dioxide trapped withinRead MoreAre Humans Responsible for Global Warming?2365 Words   |  10 PagesAre Humans Responsible for Global Warming? A REVIEW OF THE FACTS APRIL 2007 AUTHORS James Wang, Ph.D. Bill Chameides, Ph.D. Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming? The case for attributing the recent global warming to human activities rests on the following undisputed scientific facts: †¢ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere. †¢ Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to over 380 ppm. CurrentRead MoreGlobal Warming: Are Humans to Blame?2304 Words   |  10 PagesGlobal Warming: Are Humans to Blame? Kelly Gaffney October 10, 2011 SCI 207 Instructor Reale In order to understand the issue of global warming (also referred to as climate change), you must first understand what it means and how it happens. Global warming is a result of a process known as the greenhouse effect, in which the light and heat from the sun are trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere by greenhouse gases; which subsequently raises the average temperature on Earth. The greenhouseRead MoreGlobal Warming and Human Population2270 Words   |  10 PagesEssay on Deforestation in India Forest loss is directly-associated with human population growth. In 1921 human population was 25. 13 crores and forests cover was 104.05 million hectares. By 1989, forests cover reduced to 64.01 m ha, while human population in 1991 reached to 84.39 crores. Deforestation is due to diversion of forest land to agricultural land, river valley projects, roads, industiy and urbanization, transmission lines and activities like shifting cultivation, fuelwood and timber collectionRead MoreHumans Are Responsible For Global Warming2056 Words   |  9 PagesDraft Humans are Responsible for Global Warming On November 8th, American citizens will go to the polls and vote for the next president of the United States. During the presidential campaign, both candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, have their own different points of view on environmental issues. Hillary Clinton affirms her commitment to the fight against climate change. She supports the Paris Agreement, which is an agreement among many nations to respond to the threat of global warming

The Rocking Horse Winner - Child in Conflict with the Adult World free essay sample

Adult conflicts come to Paul when he first sees the financial problems in his house. As a young child Paul was forced into learning about the finance issues causing him to react to the situation. Paul is continually hearing the words â€Å"There must be more money! There must be more money! The children could hear it all the time, though nobody said it aloud†¦ ‘There must be more money; oh-h-h; there must be more money, oh, now-w-w! Now-w-w – there must be more money! – More than ever! More than ever! ’† (Lawrence 19-29). Paul a twelve year old boy is feeling the burden of providing money for the family. Hearing the words â€Å"there must be more money† repeated throughout the house causes Paul to worry about what kind of financial situation his family is in. As a young child he should not know about the family’s income problems. However, through the whispering he learns of it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rocking Horse Winner Child in Conflict with the Adult World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Paul should be out having fun with his friends not worrying about money. Since Paul heard of the financial problems in the house he took it upon himself to find a way to provide for the family. Paul is forced into the adult world through learning about the financial problems in the family and trying to provide for them. Paul is starting to be fully introduced to adult conflict though the risks of gambling. Gambling can cause a person to become very rich or very poor quickly. Paul would place money on the horses â€Å"’Good! Good! Right you are! A fiver for me and a fiver for you on Daffodil’ †¦ Paul was â€Å"sure† about Lively Spark which was a quite inconsiderable horse. The boy [Paul] insisted on putting a thousand on the horse. †(Lawrence 24-27). As a child Paul should not be exposed to the adult world of gambling. Gambling is a risky game to play and Paul as a young boy doesn’t fully comprehend what he is getting into. Paul is betting thousands of dollars on horses which he may lose. Paul does not see the stress that gambling is putting on him but instead continues to gamble the money he has made. Gambling takes over what he does when he tries to figure out who the next winner will be. Paul gets stressed about not knowing the winner â€Å"But even for the Lincoln he didn’t ‘know’ and he lost fifty pounds. He became wild eyed and strange as if something were going to explode in him. † (Lawrence 29). Paul is now feeling the effects of gambling and does not know how to react to them. At such a young age Paul is not ready to lose money and he cannot handle the fact that he is. The stress that gambling has put on him to win is now catching up to him when he loses. The action that Paul is taking through gambling is an adult game and one with which he is not ready for. A young child should not be the main provider of income for a family. Paul is now worried that his family does not have enough money. Paul would place money into the bank for his family, â€Å"Paul at the others suggestion, handed over five thousand pounds to his uncle who deposited it with the family lawyer. †(Lawrence 28). Paul was becoming the main source of income for the family. He was more worried about having a steady income for the family over having friends to play with. The mother’s expensive lifestyle was now being paid for by Paul, a young child. Children should not be worried about whether their family is going to have money or not. Paul was now fully taken out of the world as a child. He became the main source of income for his family. He was now constantly worried about the situation of finances, an adult problem. Paul was in conflict with the adult world when he became the main provider for his family instead of being a kid and having fun while being provided for by his parents. Throughout the story Paul is in conflict with the adult world. In â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†, author D. H Lawrence uses Paul the protagonist to display the child in conflict with the adult world. Paul was first introduced to financial problems a reoccurring problem in the adult world. He then started to gamble and became the main source of income for his family from this. A young boy should not be doing these things for his family. These conflicts may arise every day in the adult world but are not typically problems for children. Children are now being forced into this world of adult conflict at a young age and the protagonist Paul was a victim of this in the story â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner. † Works Cited Lawrence, D. H. â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner. † Viewpoints 12 Ed. Sarah Swartz. 5th Edition Toronto: Pearson Education Canada Inc. 2002. Print.

Maude Clare Essay Example

Maude Clare Essay How does Rosetti portray Maude Clare in the shorter, 1862 version? Can the reader empathize with her situation? What purpose does the narrator serve? What might the natural world stand for in Rosettis poem? In Maude Clare Rosetti portrays a vindictive and venomous Clare: Heres my half of a golden chain Clearly Claire is bitter about her lords new marriage and wants him to know this. Nevertheless it is clear that her lord still has feelings for his mistress since he (gazes) long on her in line fifteen of the poem. By drawing on three different points of view, varying in prominence, Rosetti is able to recreate a valuable insight into Victorian conventions. She adopts a largely female dominated narrative perspective in her poem but the identification of the narrator is somewhat ambiguous allowing the reader freedom to speculate and draw their own conclusions. We will write a custom essay sample on Maude Clare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Maude Clare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Maude Clare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Angel in the House, a poem by Coventry Patmore, published in 1854 idealizes women role in society (p3 The Changing Role of Women): Man must be pleased; but him to please is womens pleasure. And if he once, by shame oppressed A comfortable word confers, She leans and weeps against against his breast, And seems to think the sin was hers She loves with love that cannot tire; And when, ah woe, she loves alone, Through passionate duty love springs higher This led to a concept which was central to Victorian beliefs about the proper ordering of society. Womens role was altruistic: she exists to give pleasure to her husband and it is in giving pleasure to others that she herself is pleased. In Maude Clare Rosetti dramatically overturns this concept with her characterization of Maude Clare and, to a lesser extent, Nell. Clare does not fit the altruistic image in the poem in which women lived to please their husbands; instead she acts selfishly thinking little of the consequences. She does not love higher when she loves alone (her lord has left her), rather that love is replaced with bitterness. Nell, by contrast is prepared to love her husband til he loves (her) best when he is totally over Maude Clare. By doing this she demonstrates many of the qualities listed in the poem which Clare evidently lacks. The theme of innate goodness and gentleness of women was picked up by the essayist John Ruskin. He wrote a text, published in 1865, outlining womens position in society. Ruskin believed that women were gentle, weak and tender (p4 The Changing Role of Women) and should be protected from the cut and thrust of society. Rosetti breaks down this stereotype in her poem by making her strongest and most prominent characters female. The lord (falters) in his place weakened by the venomous presence of Clare. In following Victorian patriarchal conventions the lord should have power over his wife/mistress but in the overturned reality conjured up by Rosetti this position is pushed aside by dominant women such as Clare. Nell seems weak and has less to say at the beginning of the poem. Instead of stealing the focus of the wedding day, as would be expected Nell instead forfeits this attention to Maude Clare. Our first meeting of Nell seems to support this: His bride was like a village maid, Maude Clare was like a queen. However in the final two stanzas she starts to challenge Clares point of view which, up to this point had been unopposed. This is plausible since, as Nell is bound to her lord by wedlock, Victorian society dictates he is obliged to support her and any children she might have with him. She claims shell take what was Clares and wear it til he loves (her) best. It is clear that Rosetti wishes her audience to sympathize with the seemingly innocent Nell. There is an air of secrecy in the poem surrounding Clares background, as if Rosetti does not feel Clare deserves any audience recognition beyond her revenge stricken faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade. Only small details of Clares relationship with her lord are released such as the image of them wading in pond and the the golden chain both supporting an image of a lord who looks after for his female inferiorities. Since no conflicting evidence is presented by the narrator the audience has no choice but to agree. In this way the role of the narrator could be seen as a vehicle for Rosettis ideas regarding the importance of marriage, ideas which were shared by many others in her time. From a modern perspective some people might be inclined to empathize with the dumped Maude Clare, in a society where a lesser emphasis on wedlock exists. By contrast Harrison suggests that the reader might feel little sympathy for Maude Clare because of her bad timing and queenly mien which suffer in comparison with Nells inferred humility with likening to a village maid. Although this is a valuable interpretation of the poem I feel that the majority of people who can identify a significant loss in their lives may at least have a degree of empathy for Clares apparent bitterness. In the poem Rosetti alludes to a number of scenes from the natural world. In the sixth and seventh stanzas she describes a romantic day that Thomas (the lord) and Maude Clare spend together. The juxtaposition of fading leaves and lilies budding by Clares speech help to order the events to the reader and show the significant amount of time that has passed since Clares romance with her lord and his marriage now to Nell. The fading leaves suggest the relationship to be fruitless and dead, hardly the image of an extravagant love affair implied by the golden chain. However the alliteration of budding bough helps to show the deep connection between the couple. Bough is an interesting choice of word since it supports the bud in nature like the husband is supposed to support his wife under Victorian ideas about the household. The buds themselves are images of new beginnings and this could be Clare telling her lover the affair is over. In conclusion Clare and Nell could, to Rosetti represent prominent female figures in Victorian society. For instance, Maude Clare, Florence Nightingale who was herself alienated and shunned by the Angel in the House concept deeming it intolerable (p.5 The Changing Role of Women). Nell, Mrs. Beeton who provided a practical and positive approach to the housewife image of Patmores poem but was far from the image of tender women adopted by Ruskin. Rosetti does in some ways support traditionalist views of women in her time, portraying the simple, domesticated Nell as her protagonist and modeling the headstrong Clare as immoral and stripping from her any personality beyond that illustrated in the poem. However it seems to me that Rosetti disagrees with the idea that women needed protecting from societys evils since the female characters presented seem anything but weak.

What to Do If Youre Placed on Academic Probation

What to Do If Youre Placed on Academic Probation Being placed on academic probation while in college is serious business. You may have known it was coming, you may have had no idea it was coming- but now that its here, its time to sit up and pay attention. What Exactly Is Academic Probation? Academic probation can mean various things at different colleges and universities. Usually, however, it means that your academic performance (either in a series of classes or through your GPA) is not strong enough for you to be making acceptable progress toward your degree. Consequently, if you dont improve, you may be asked (translation: required) to leave the college. Learn the Specifics of Your Probation Just like schools can have different definitions of academic probation, students can have different terms for their academic probation. Read the fine print of your warning letter and make sure you understand everything thats in there. How do you need to change your academic standing? To what? By when? What happens if you dont do so- will you need to leave the college? Leave just the residence hall? Not be eligible for financial aid? Get Help No matter how confident you felt, clearly something did not work out if youre on academic probation. Check in with people for help: your academic advisor, your professors, a tutor, other students in the class, and anyone else you can utilize as a resource. Sure, it may be awkward to ask for help, but doing is almost certainly less awkward than having to leave college before you had planned to. Keep Getting Help Lets say you reach out for help, get a tutor, and work, work, work to study for your next chemistry test- which you promptly ace. Your confidence goes up and you start to feel like you may not need as much help as you thought you did. Be extra careful not to let yourself fall into your old patterns- you know, the ones that got you into academic probation in the first place- and to stick with getting help throughout the term. Prioritize Your Other Commitments If youre placed on academic probation, youll need to do a serious assessment of your other commitments. Passing your classes now becomes your number one priority (as it should have been from the beginning). Be honest with yourself about your other commitments in college and, as hard as it may be, cut out as much as you need to in order to make sure your academics are getting the time and attention they deserve. After all, you cant be involved in all you want to do if youre not allowed back in school next semester. Make a list of what you need to do (like working) versus what you want to do (like being heavily involved in your Greeks social planning committee) and make some changes as needed.

Kerosene in Diesel Engine Question

Kerosene in Diesel Engine Question Scott, you are right, we had discussed the clear liquid shortening and I thought I had stayed away from it until I saw the cubies. Yesterday, I went back to my supplier and commented about the mixing of Clear Liquid Oil and Clear Liquid Shortening. Undoubtedly, the grill cook was not aware the oil had been mixed until I saw it on the cubies and so Ive been told they have a new supplier and it will be only Clear Liquid Oil. I have asked them to keep the empty cubies for me, so I can use them for storage, etc. I will wait and see what happens. The kero I had mentioned mixing with my biodiesel is considered highway kero with taxes paid on it at the pump. In N.C. all of our kero is dyed, as well as off road diesel. Our DOT will spot check big rigs, but so far I havent heard of them checking small diesels. However, I never use dyed fuel in my pickup. Next door in S.C. all of the fuel is cheaper due to our state taxes being lower so the kero is actually cheaper than their diesel. Our kero is higher than our diesel and the diesel is 20 to 40 cents higher per gallon than our unleaded. Several years ago, I had an Olds with a GM diesel (converted gasoline to diesel) and the book allowed me to use 10 percent gasoline during the winter to keep the diesel from gelling. Do you think that would be wise to use gasoline in biodiesel during the winter? My friend that I was splitting the oil with has backed out of using SVO I think mainly due to the mods he would have to do to his truck. Anyway, he left me with some literature he had pulled off the internet about using SVO and unleaded gasoline. Im thinking that would be a great way to blow an engine or at least coke it pretty heavily in a short time. Looks like there is a little of everything on the net. Have a great day. Tom Hey Tom,As long as you can get highway kero, and its cheaper, go ahead and run it with a mixture of at least B20 to keep the lubricity up. Kerosene is often used as a thinning (viscosity reducing) agent to help prevent diesel (middle distillate grade #2) and biodiesel fuel gelling in cold weather, but it does reduce the fuels lubricity as well. Since biodiesel has a very high level of lubricity, the reduction from mixing with kerosene is minimal. With regular petro diesel, care must be taken to avoid over-thinning. To avoid this problem, most fuel distribution centers carry winter diesel (light distillate grade #1) for delivery to fueling stations in cold climates. Diesel engines, however, are remarkably tolerant of fuel formulations and can run on just about any low volatility oil based fuel, but of course that doesnt mean they should or that it is even legal (tax wise) or beneficial to do so. While the engines themselves (pistons and valves) are more or less indifferent to fuel types, the emissions and injection controls on modern clean diesel engines would likely be damaged by using any fuel other than ULSD or B5. For illustration purposes only, following is a (mostly complete) list of fuels that can be burned in a diesel engine: Diesel #1 Diesel #2 Diesel #4 ULSD (Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel) Biodiesel (from B5 to B100) Kerosene Home heating oil Civil jet fuel (Jet A-1, Jet A, Jet B) Military jet fuel(JP-4,JP-5,JP-8) SVO (Straight Vegetable And this is interesting- your fuel prices in the Carolinas are different than ours further north. In central PA as of 05-20-08: No, the E85 price is not a typo. Ethanol based fuel has been about a buck a gallon cheaper for the last several years. Ive been experimenting with varying percentages of E85 in my gasoline powered 5.7-liter 1994 Chevy Silverado. A story about my results as well as doing a full conversion to E85 is in the plans. Which brings me to your question about running a gasoline and SVO (straight vegetable oil) mixture in a diesel. I would steer clear for the very reasons you mentioned as well as others from horror stories Ive heard. Diesels are compression ignition engines designed for dense, low volatility oil based fuels (diesel, biodiesel and kerosene). Gasoline style engines are spark ignited and require light and highly volatile fuels (gasoline, alcohol and E85). It doesnt take a stretch of the imagination to understand that an improperly-mixed amount of gasoline and vegetable oil (too much gasoline) could easily prematurely ignite (detonate) and destroy a diesel engines pistons and/or va lvetrain. Reciprocally, Ive heard stories of mixtures with too much veggie oil gumming up and clogging filters, pumps and injectors. In my opinion, there are only two safe methods to run vegetable oil in a diesel engine: Use properly manufactured biodiesel, or install a conversion kit that heats (thus reducing viscosity) the SVO before introduction to the fuel pump and injectors. As always, Tom, thanks for the great comments and questions. Best,Scott

The reflective letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The reflective letter - Essay Example The assignments you provided were a great basis of information which has enabled me to refer to when drafting my papers. By reading my peer’s papers I gained a lot of knowledge because of the many different topics under discussion. I realized that I am good peer responder than I thought. I am now able to find errors in the writings of other people. The peer responses I received enabled me to correct my papers as I took all the advice and used it to improve my paper. I get the feeling that my peers are my audience and their responses are helpful to me as I understand my paper. When I chose to write about breaking up with my childhood girlfriend it was difficult for me, but it also helped me psychologically as sharing of feelings reduces the emotional hurt. I have learnt to accept the break up and move on. I overcame a lot of emotional feelings to be able to write a paper that enabled me to understand the situation and also help my audience to understand. I used my personal information and researched information. I used my personal experience to break up the information. It was not easy to come up with a final draft paper as I had to write many drafts. Every draft had a new concept to my paper. Even my classmates wrote different drafts to come up with a final draft. This enabled us to combine our ideas and put them together. My research on the internet, library, and personal interview enabled me to understand what I really wanted for my paper.my focus was clear as I worked on every draft. My research was an eye opener to new information. The research helped me understand my break up and be able to integrate it to my audience. I realized that this class helped me to improve my writing skills. These skills will be of great help at present and in future. Although I am not a perfect writer I believe I am a descent writer. I am now able to approach any writing assignments with an open mind. Computer classes were very helpful to me. The chat room

Vision Statement Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vision Statement Comparison - Assignment Example A vision statement goes hand in hand with the mission statement and the values that a given company seeks to entrench and move forward. The Vision statement outlines what goals the company seeks to achieve whereas the mission statement says clearly, what pathways to follow to achieve the goals. The values stand for the principles that the organization seeks to impart and entrench in its workers. The Ford Corporation is the largest carmaker in the USA for many centuries. Its mission statement is â€Å"To become the worlds leading consumer company for automotive products and services†. The statement is to the point and has the main objective and goal that Ford seeks to achieve. By reading the statement, one can truly tell what it is that the Ford Corporation has entrenched in its mission as well as daily activities, which is to become the company of choice in the automotive industry. The Starbucks Coffee House is one of the leading coffee companies in the world with branches worldwide. Its Vision statement states that â€Å"Share great coffee with our friends and help make the world a little better†.   In the statement, we can learn that the focus for the company is to use its product offering that is coffee to see to it that the world becomes better by taking and using their product. In addition, the Vision statement can be interpreted to depict that their product is a good way to unwind as well as foster relations with others. Harvard University is one of the world’s best universities churning out professionals and leaders at a high rate. The Vision statement for Harvard University is that â€Å"Harvard strives to create knowledge, to open the minds of students to that knowledge, and to enable students to take best advantage of their educational opportunities† The Stanford University vision has overtime changed. Initially the Vision statement was â€Å"Become the Harvard of the West† which later evolved overtime to read â€Å"provide quality services

Early years education Essay Example for Free

Early years education Essay 1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early year’s education There are many different types of early year’s provision which has been funded by the government for early years education. All three and four year olds are entitled to 15 hours of free early year’s education entitlement per week across the 38 weeks of the annual year. Theirs are five different settings where Parents can choose to give their child for their Free EY Entitlement they are: †¢Pre-school playgroup-. It is an early childhood program in which children combine learning/education with play and it is an organization that is provided by fully trained and qualified staff †¢Private Day nursery- A facility provided for the care and learning for children from the birth to 5 they are usually run by a business or a private organisation and are not linked with the government. †¢Child-minder (who belongs to a registered child-minder network)-child minders are self-employed providing the care for children in their own homes , they offer full time or part time places or flexible arrangements. Child minders are registered with the Ofsted and are inspected in accordance with the Ofsted procedures and regulations to ensure that he child-minder is providing and safe and suitable environment for the children. †¢Maintained nursery school- is a school for children between the age of 3 and 5. It is run by fully qualified and trained to staff who encourage and supervise education play and learning rather than just providing childcare. It is part of early childhood education. †¢Nursery or reception class in a primary or independent school -Nursery schools provide a more direct and structured education for early years children aged 3 to 5 Some may be part of an independent school for older age groupseg infant and primary schools. Reception classes are run by a qualified teacher. 1.3 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults.

HPV & Cervical Cancer Essay -- HPV Cancer, Cervical Cancer

HPV & Cervical Cancer - What Every Woman Should Know   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was eighteen years old when I had my first abnormal pap smear. I received a call from my OB/GYN's office and was informed that I had the Human Papilloma Virus show up on my pap smear. This was the first pap smear I had ever had, and I was terrified. The news got worse. I researched this virus and learned that it was actually a sexually transmitted disease that could either cause cervical cancer, or genital warts! I didn’t understand, I had been with my boyfriend for five years and he was my first partner. How could I have contracted a sexually transmitted disease?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I had a biopsy done to test my cervix for cancer. The results were normal, and I was told I would need to have a pap smear done every three months. I followed the doctor’s orders, and within six months had a normal pap smear. At that point, I was nineteen years old. Things resolved and my annual pap smears were normal. That was up until a year ago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once again, I had an abnormal pap smear. This time however, I was 30. The same procedure was followed, another biopsy of the cervix. This showed no invasive cancer. Three months later I had yet another abnormal reading. This time the results were worse. I was puzzled, and I didn’t understand why after eleven years my problem came back. After researching the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer, I finally found the answers to my questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, authors of Our Bodies, Ourselves indicates that cervical cancer is the second most common cancer of all women, and the most common cancer in younger women. Women between the ages of 35-55 are the highest group diagnosed. This type of cancer has been linked to the HPV virus. Other risk factors of cervical cancer include the younger your age of your first sexual experience, and the number of sexual partners one has. (634).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cervical cancer can be prevented and treated early by finding pre-cancerous cell changes within the cervix. These cell changes can be found during routine pap smear exams. A pap smear is an exam where a medical instrument called a speculum is inserted into the vagina. The provider then collects cells from the cervix by gently swabbing i... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am angry at myself for not being more careful when I was younger. Although I was not promiscuous, and I did participate in safe sex with my first boyfriend - I learned the hard way that it only takes one time of unprotected sex to contract HPV. Now, eleven years later I am paying the price for my carelessness. It is my hope that women will learn the seriousness of HPV before they become infected and suffer the consequences for a lifetime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography American Cancer Society. â€Å"What Causes Cancer of the Cervix?† 22 Aug 05.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cancer.org Beers, Mark H. MD., Berkow, Robert MD., and Bogin, Robert M. MD. eds. The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Merck Manual of Medical Information. New York: Pocket Books, 1997. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, The. Our Bodies, Ourselves - A New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edition for a New Era. New York: Touchstone, 2005. United States. Center for Disease Control. STD Facts - Human Papilloma Virus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HPV). Washington: 2005. 22 Aug 05.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm

A Review of the Research Study

The study is a mixed theoretical-empirical study regarding bystander intervention. It is theoretical in the sense that it applies known concepts of the bystander effect and helping mechanisms.It is however dominantly empirical since it bases its findings and method on observations of actual circumstances. It attempts to reproduce actual situations through a controlled experimental environment wherein limited variables are introduced and measured by the researchers.The experiment presumes to manifest high external validity in the sense that the situation presented could likely occur in actual real-life scenarios. Even the theory behind the research has been observed to happen in actual crimes or situations. In fact, this same research resulted from a crime effected in New York wherein witnesses failed to give aid to the victim.Thus, if variables were adequately isolated and conclusions logically inferred, the results of such experiment would be highly valid externally. The problem her ein lies in the low levels of construct validity. Albeit the generalizability of the theories in question, it is questionable whether the appropriate instruments of measurement were in place.The results of the experiment discussed the effect of group number, sex, and educational background on bystander intervention. However only one of these factors was adequately represented, that of group number. Bystander intervention was in practice representative only of the presence of unobservable or unperceived bystanders, as differentiated in the study’s literature.The effect of bystander presence with regard to perceived and observable bystanders could not have been measured by the researchers as all the bystanders they had planted in the experiment with the participant were unobservable, as they were supposedly in different rooms.The factor sex was discussed whenever the participant’s sex was different from that of the perceived group member or members, particularly the diff erence when there was a potential male volunteer in the group. However, the research design shows a large inequality in the number of male and female participants. Further, the research shown to back up the discussion had not been previously discussed to ground the relevance of the effect of sex in helping as to that of the actual study.In other words, there was no previous discussion as to the intent of the researchers to measure such factor, giving the impression that the discussion was inserted only after the results of the experiment had come in – an unreliable and bias-prone practice in research. Further, the factor regarding the medical background of a potential volunteer and other group member was likewise not discussed until the results portion of the paper.The failure to distribute this factor to the three observed group sizes may also have presented disparity in the data gathered. There was also a lengthy discussion in the results regarding the avoidant-avoidant nat ure of the conflict that emerged in participants who did not intervene in the emergency presented. This is highly speculative in nature and is largely unsupported by self-reports presented in the research paper. In fact, there wasn’t even any previous research presented to ground the arguments made.There seems to be high internal validity as the research adequately described the means of measuring intervention and gave data and computations regarding the measurements obtained. There was also adequate presentation of the commutations of the participation of the respondents.Further, there was also a note regarding participants who had been dropped and for what reason this had been done.   Despite what would have been expected given the high external validity of the concept being studied, the results of this experiment show low external validity. The situation presented shows a bystander who has previous knowledge regarding the situation of the victim of the emergency.The byst ander thus has knowledge of the nature of the emergency and the cause of the same. Furthermore, the previous rounds of discussion that the participants had engaged in regarding their college experiences establishes a semblance of relationship between them. The mere fact that they are in the same research environment for a psychological experiment already creates a level of relation between the participant and the victim.This may not be and often is not the case with actual situations wherein the bystander effect is observed. In many of these situations the participant is not related to the victim and there is no knowledge regarding the situation unfolding – except for certain circumstances where the extremist nature of the emergency could not be mistaken for any other situation. Overall, the research proves to be high in internal validity, low in construct validity, and low in external validity.Based on existing literature regarding this topic, the research presented informat ion consistent with findings of other researchers. An increase in group size has been found to have a minimizing effect on bystander intervention.The findings, such as in the murder case presented as the ratio for the research in question, display this finding in practice. It   should be bourne in mind however that in spite of the correct conclusion of the research hypothesis, the other results should not be taken at face value, nor should the procedure employed by the researchers by reproduced without thorough analysis of the accurate representation of variables.ReferenceDarley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8 (4), 377-383.

Online Grade Evaluation System Essay

In the absence of internal processes for evaluating instructors’ teaching abilities, most colleges and universities put the responsibility on students. But is this fair to faculty? After all, a whiff of conflict of interest hangs over the whole proceeding. Students might grade a professor poorly as payback for a bad grade, for example. Conversely, students might give great reviews to instructors who dole out A’s like Halloween candy. Or they might not even bother to respond. Now, with more and more institutions moving their course evaluations online, the question is whether technology will compound these concerns or resolve them. Early research suggests that faculty may actually benefit from the move online. Jessica Wode, an academic research analyst with the Office of Evaluation and Assessment at Columbia College Chicago (IL), performed a review of the academic literature on online course-evaluation assessments last spring. Her conclusion: Worries that students with grudges are the most likely to fill out online forms are unfounded. You actually find the opposite,† explains Wode. â€Å"Either there is no effect or the students who did poorly in the class probably aren’t even going to bother evaluating the course. â€Å" Indeed, there are indications that online evaluation systems may actually suppress participation among poor performers. In her unpublished dissertation at James Madison University (VA) in 2009, researcher Cassandra Jones found that class performance played a role in determining which students filled out an online evaluation: Students who received higher grades in a class were more likely to fill out a survey. As a result, noted Jones in her paper, â€Å"course-evaluation ratings could be artificially inflated because students with lower grades are not participating in the online course-evaluation process. † It would not be difficult to find a host of faculty members who would disagree strongly with these findings. And there is some question about the reliability of statistical analysis of online evaluations, given the low participation rates for many online systems. Indeed, anemic participation levels may be the single biggest issue facing online evaluations. At schools that simply ask their students to fill out online class evaluations, a typical response rate is around 50 percent, according to â€Å"Response Rates in Online Teaching Evaluation Systems,† a 2009 report by James Kulik of the Office of Evaluations and Examinations at the University of Michigan. In contrast, the typical response rate for paper-based evaluations is around 66 percent, and often much higher.

38814718 Wk8 Laura Martin REPORT Essay

38814718 Wk8 Laura Martin REPORT Essay 38814718 Wk8 Laura Martin REPORT Essay FINS3625 APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE Case Study Written Report Week 8 Valuation: Laura Martin Name Student Number % Contribution Signature Karen Chan z3242429 20 Yifeng Chen (Nino) z3283995 20 Tony Richardson z3253113 20 Weitao Wu (Tony) z3284666 20 Wendy (Wenyu) Yan z3241580 20 Multiples versus DCF analysis Multiples analysis is simple to understand and apply. The inputs for the multiple are publicly available, though are vulnerable to accounting manipulation. Also, it is difficult to obtain a truly comparable large sample of firms. Multiples analysis is backward-looking, reliant on historical/current data to obtain multiples. It reflects relative value rather than the intrinsic value which DCF valuation produces. DCF analysis generates an intrinsic value as it relies on data specific to the firm. DCF analysis factors in time value of money, and thus is a forward-looking measure. However, there is uncertainty in forecasting future revenues, especially for private firms and those firms that produce little or no cash flows. Assumptions of multiples analysis General assumptions of multiples analysis are that the other firms in the industry are comparable to the firm being valued. The market, on average, prices these firms correctly, but makes errors on the pricing of individual stocks. Exhibit 2 shows a selection of comparable firms, assuming that these firms have the same growth, risk and return as Cox Communications. There is also the assumption that financial fundamentals such as EBITDA are defined identically in all firms, with the same accounting methods and reporting periods. Exhibit 5 assumes a positive linear relationship between ROIC and the multiple Adjusted Enterprise Value/Average Invested Capital. Regression analysis and traditional multiples analysis – similarities and differences The two analyses both predict the underlying value of the firm. Also, both regression and multiples analyses reflect the past. The future value of the firm is obtained using historical inputs. Both analyses assume that firms in the same industry are comparable. Traditional multiples analysis is more arithmetic in its approach. It is based on finding the average multiple among comparable firms, and then applying it to the firm’s fundamentals. How accurate the valuation is depends on the degree of comparability of the firms in the industry. Regression analysis produces a statistical regression line of each comparable firm’s multiple against the fundamentals that affect the value of the multiple. The R-squared of the regression indicates how well that multiple works in the sector. After running the regression and establishing the multiple, then it is applied to fundamentals in order to arrive at a firm valuation price. Interpretation of regression results Martin’s regression results produced a higher share price of $50 (see A1), indicating that shares were currently undervalued and so Cox Communications does have growth potential. Martin’s heavy reliance on the projection of the ROIC value is troubling. The 0.8% seems to be an arbitrary numerical projection. Any inaccuracy in this projection would result in a misleading outcome. R-squared is 70%. The percentage variation in ROIC cannot be totally explained by the variation in Adj. EV/Ave. Invested Capital. However, it does tell us that ROICs are a substantive prediction of value. The linear relationship between ROIC and the multiple in the regression shows there is a strong relationship. Martin’s DCF analysis Martin’s weighted cost of equity is 10.5%. We have calculated the cost of equity to be 13.61% (see A2) using a levered beta and a risk premium calculated over a longer historical period. Using the synthetic rating method, after-tax cost of debt is 4.51% (see A3), which is close to Martin’s estimate. Thus, with a WACC of 12.53% the stock price becomes a more conservative $41.70 (see A4). Martin’s projected EBITDA growth of 16% seems high since her

Root and Butt Rot Tree Disease Management

Root and Butt Rot Tree Disease Management Root and butt rot is one of the most common forms of tree disease affecting hardwoods. Many fungi are capable of causing root rots and some cause considerable decay of the butts of trees as well. Root rots are more common on older trees or trees which have sustained root or basal injury. Root rots thrive on poor soil conditions. Trees with extensive root rot are less able to tolerate extreme weather conditions like extended droughts, long periods of heavy rain, or unusually high temperatures. Recognition Trees with root and butt rots (the one of most concern is Armillaria root disease) typically have combinations of crown dieback, loss and/or discoloration of foliage, and a generally unhealthy appearance. Internally, diseased roots exhibit patterns of discoloration and decay. Diseased trees can live for years without symptoms but, more commonly, trees with extensive root rot decline and eventually die in several years. Conks (fruiting bodies) at or near the base of declining trees are indicators of root rot. Prevention You can only control root diseases in trees by prevention. Prevent root diseases by avoiding root damage and wounds to the lower trunks of trees. When planting trees in areas where trees have previously died of root disease, remove old stumps and roots to reduce local fungus spread. Consider soil sterilization with an appropriate pesticide such as methyl bromide or vapam according to local conditions and state and federal regulations. Contact you county extension agent for specific information. Control Effective treatments for curing established root diseases in trees are unknown. Sometimes careful crown reduction by pruning and fertilization can prolong the life of diseased trees by reducing the transpirational demand on ailing root systems and promoting overall tree vigor.

Henry Armstrong Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henry Armstrong - Research Paper Example At one of the Hollywood Legion Fights, in front of a crowd that represented the Hollywood celebrities of the era, he managed an impressive knock-out, leading acting legends Ruby Keeler and Al Jolson to decide to underwrite his contract, putting him in the care of Eddie Meade. This pushed his rising star higher and he was able to develop a career that made him a legend. By the end of his life, he had racked up an impressive list of accomplishments in boxing, but had also become a minister, sharing the word with a devoted flock. Henry Armstrong was born in Columbus, Mississippi on December 12, 1912 under the name Henry Jackson Jr. When he was five years old, his family moved to Papin Street in the South Side of St Louis where the neighborhood was rough and fighting was the only way to survive. His parents were Henry and America Jackson, providing him a racial heritage of African American, Irish and Native American on his father‘s side with his mother being an Iroquois Native Amer ican (Armstrong 16). When he was sixteen years old, Henry graduated from Vashan High School in St Louis, reading an original poem during the ceremony for which he was the valedictorian (Broeg 61: Early 70). His grandmother wanted Henry to become a minister, but the depression had left his family in hard times with his father’s health being compromised by rheumatoid arthritis. Henry was working as a railroad gandy dancer to help his family make ends meet when, as urban legend tells the story, he was struck by a newspaper that flattened against his face. When he pulled the paper off of his face, he read the headline â€Å"Cuba’s Kid Chocolate just won 10,000 in a fight!† (Boeg 61). When he ran home, he told his grandmother, a woman who had been a slave and had the privilege of seeing Abraham Lincoln during her lifetime, understood his dream and encouraged him to follow it. In 1932, then Henry Jackson wanted to try out for the Olympics, but his former pro experienc e excluded him from that privilege. Therefore, he took his trainer Harry Armstrong’s last name, in order to hide his previous experience in professional boxing (Sugar 6). After he lost by decision to Johnny Hines at the 1932 Olympic trials, he went ahead and fully turned professional. Because he was singing cheerfully most of the time he was working out, his first ring name was Melody Jackson, under which he fought in Pennsylvania, but his skill would later put that nickname to rest. As an amateur, he boxed 62 matches and won 58. His first professional bout was on July 27, 1931, but he was knocked out after three rounds. He was nineteen years old when he began his professional career, and while his first fight was a hard lesson, he persevered, working his craft until he was unstoppable. However, he had to pay his dues in club circuit in Los Angeles. During that time, the circuit was corrupt and fights were won, lost or set at a draw according to the desires of the owners. The refore, Armstrong was forced to face fixed fights and to play along until he could prove himself. When he finally proved himself, actors Ruby Keeler and Al Jolson were backing his contract and he would have a real shot at winning fights through his own skill. It wasn’t until 1936 that his career really took off, despite his record which reflected a fighter who was hard to beat. As a boxer, Armstrong was a powerhouse, approaching his bouts like a strategic leader, his theory of controlling the match based upon his

Final Examination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final Examination - Assignment Example Employee X and employee Y. It say that employee X are bad employee that are not motivated by the job they are doing and need coercion to work productively. Most managers will not have incentives for employees falling in category X instead they use coercion. On the other side employee Y have natural liking of their job and little motivation can double their productivity. Other theories such as Maslow hierarchy of need indicate the progressive need of motivation. As one motivation is satisfied it means a lot to productivity and reenergize for another achievement. All motivation theories address one outcome in there explanation aspect of motivation. On the same note, every theory has a role and every theory has one way or the other that can be used by a manager to increase the productivity in the company. A good example is the comparative picture that the theory of Maslow and that of McGregor when viewed in unison they draw. On commonality, they all share one fabric: the fabric of motivation. However there approach is different. On one hand the of X and Y which is a school of thought of McGregor explains that there exist two types of employee one who is self-initiated, self-motivated and work productively under supervision and coercion. Such employee is grouped as an employee Y. In real sense such an employee could be following the ladder of hierarchy postulated by Maslow being motivated at every stage. After achieving on physiological need the self-motivation of moving to safety need arises and on and on till the self-actualization is achiev ed. Consequently, the two theory fit together. On the other side, an employee who is fixated on one step of Maslow theory tend to be frustrated or retrogress to the lower hierarchy for the purposes of feeling satisfied. These employees tend to fit in category X according to McGregor. Many other theories have a commonality point of view. Public employee determine

Research based behavior management system Paper

Based behavior management system - Research Paper Example Belvel (2010) argues that teachers should transit their roles from classroom managers to classroom leaders as the first step in adopting a new, better approach to classroom management. Before going any further, the importance of and need for classroom behavior management should perhaps be highlighted. According to Oliver & Reschley (2007), positive educational outcomes are better achieved in a trouble free environment. Climate of a classroom may not ensure the achievement of all educational goals, but it definitely helps in the process (Belvel, 2010). 1.1 Behavior Management in classroom Behavior management of students is today’s biggest challenge faced by teachers, especially at levels K 3-7(Partin, 2009). Teachers have the ability to influence student’s behavior both, positively as well as negatively (Partin, 2009). Research has shown that interventions in management strategies especially at K 5 and K 6 Level are very effective in behavior management and academic achievement is enhanced as a result (Abbott, et al; 2010). ... Changes need to be inducted in the teaching practices within classroom settings to ensure smooth running of any classroom (Abbott, et al; 2010). Belvel (2010) argues that teachers should transit their roles from classroom managers to classroom leaders as the first step in adopting a new, better approach to classroom management. Before going any further, the importance of and need for classroom behavior management should perhaps be highlighted. According to Oliver & Reschley (2007), positive educational outcomes are better achieved in a trouble free environment. Climate of a classroom may not ensure the achievement of all educational goals, but it definitely helps in the process (Belvel, 2010). 1.1 Behavior Management in classroom Behavior management of students is today’s biggest challenge faced by teachers, especially at levels K 3-7(Partin, 2009). Teachers have the ability to influence student’s behavior both, positively as well as negatively (Partin, 2009). Research has shown that interventions in management strategies especially at K 5 and K 6 Level are very effective in behavior management and academic achievement is enhanced as a result (Abbott, et al; 2010). 1.2 Reinforcement (and consequences) Research over the past few decades has shown clearly that reinforcement helps in maintaining class control, managing behavior of the students and yielding academic achievement (Porter, 1961; Hall, et al; 1968). Basic explanation of the process of reinforcement is one that follows a behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur again. Agents with whom reinforcement is brought about can be in many forms (Peters, 2010). Partin (2009) has suggested a hierarchy of reinforcers. The

Equality is promoted in Sikhism

Equality is promoted in Sikhism The word Sikh means student in the Punjabi language. Sikhs are students and followers of Guru Nanak (b. 1469), the founder of the Sikh tradition. Guru Nanak was succeeded by nine Gurus or holy teachers. Since 1708, the Sikh Guru has been their religious scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib. There are over 20 million Sikhs worldwide, making Sikhism the fifth largest organized religion in the world. (http://www.sikhnextdoor.org/students/learn) This essay will attempt to evaluate ways in which equality is promoted, to achieve this, is vital to overlook at some of the teachings of Sikhism . One of the main aspect of Sikh practical response to equality can be found in the teachings of the Gurus starting with Nanak, the first Guru, who after he had a powerful mystical experience, in which he received a divine calling to bring people to an awareness of God, said there is no Hindu, there is no Muslim. This brief statement give us a glimpse of a new starting process towards equality, starting from understanding oneness ( Shackle and Arvind,2005,pg.43.). The teachings of the Gurus are not set as philosophical treaties or codes, but as poetry with a strong devotional prominence, which is designed to be sung or recited. Sikhism does not derive from any established creed, it does not fight any preceding one. Sikh philosophy and religion are enlighten from within the Indian heritage. Far from dissociating it completely from Hinduism ,they have accepted the Hindu pantheon of Gods without any dispute. Lakshmi, Durga, Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu are celebrated deities in the songs of the gurus. There is no attempt to deny their existence or divinity. The effort is only to put them as lesser deities serving the supreme Lord. (KAUR RAIT, 2005,pg.17) Sikhism preaches a message of devotion and remembrance of God at all time , truthful living, and equality of mankind. Because of this Sikhism is open to all through the teachings of its ten Gurus enshrined in the Sikh Holy Book and the living Guru Sri Guru Grand Sahib . The Sikh philosophy and teachings put great emphasis on the importance of putting others before oneself. where self exists there is no God. Where God exists there is no self.(Guru Nanak) It promotes a classless society, giving more importance to virtue than wealth. The status of an individual should be determined by deeds or merits not by class position. All should be treated as equal irrespective of their material resources. Guru Arjun Dev said, The wisdom of God looks upon all alike, such as the wind that blows alike for the commoner and the King.(W.H. McLeod, 1999,pg.32) The Sikh concept of equality applies naturally to both man and women and is promoted through the teachings and practises of the Gurus. Sikhism advocates sex equality and accords women an equal place in society. At the emerging of Sikhism the Gurus condemned practices prevalent in India in the fifteenth century which undermined women, such us the veiling of women, sati and female infanticide. Sikhs allowed women to remarry, and Guru Nanak condemned the custom to wear the veil. in India sati and female infanticide were only legally abolished in the nineteenth century. Sikh Gurus allowed women free, unrestrained and equal participation in the spiritual as well as social life, in fact they give women what should always been theirs anyway; full equality to participate to religious services, to be equal partners in marriage and family life. If some of the men protested that women were ignorant, the Gurus said let them express their ignorance. Sikhism is a practical religion and has nowhere ignored facts. It recognises that women can speak out of ignorance, but so can man. (Nanak,2006, pg.150.) The achievement of equality is further demonstrated in the ceremonial custom of the Khalsa a form of baptism. New Members, male and female alike are committed to upholding the Rahit (Sikh code of ethics and rituals) and help the community. The importance to Sikhs for equality is also manifested in the Langar Meal (Community Kitchen) is part of the act of worship and is a very important aspect of Sikh life, it was instituted for a social issue , as the society was divided into many castes and the difference between Hindus and Muslims. It was made mandatory by Sikh Guru that only when one would sit down at the same level as the other and eat together that one can join the Sangat (Company of Holy).Thus, the cooking, cleaning of dishes and serving of food happens with everybody involved irrespective of their background. All of them sit on the ground, as it is consider to be leveled and eat food. These public activity were considered unimaginable amongst the principle of the class conscious Indian society. Where according to purification system, sharing of food, drink and utensils touched By someone from a lower caste was considered as made impure. (Nesbitt, 2005, pg 32.) The practice of Langar meal is still in effect at Gurudwara (Sikh place of worship). Another given name for langar is Pangat, Sikh families consider its a privilege to provide the langar and serve it to others.( Mayled, 2002,pg.12) On human rights, Gurus principles of equality was a natural thing that came from their faith. God loves us without distinctions of caste, creed, colour and sex. Equality implies tolerance of differences, existing in dress, food, custom and so on. For Sikh the state as a vital role to play in the formation of an ideal society. It is always stressed that whoever roles over the state should always be a dispensers of justice and equality and must never wield their authority despotically. They are responsible to God the Supreme Sovereign, for all their actions. They are only agent commissioned to govern in the manner of Platos; with justice, kindness, sympathy and promote the welfare of their people. They are to conduct their functions, as a mandate from God. To this last view the Sikh Gurus gave a revolutionary turn by emphasising that whoever rules is not responsible to God alone, but to the people as well, for whose good they are set up by God. Therefore if a ruler deviates from the path of justice and duty, it is just to offer resistance to his wrong doing.( O.P.Ralhan,1997,pg.72) The Sikh religion teaches that life continues after death in the soul and not in the physical body. Therefore the last act of giving and helping others through organs donation is both consistent with and in the spirit of Sikh teachings. (Benedetti, 2008,pg.57) To resume we can definitely say that from the beginning, Sikhism give women equality with men not only in religion`s affairs. Both attend services as equal members and conduct services, to work together In preparing and serving for the communal meal. They share equal responsibilities in all the social and cultural activities at the gurdwara. Sikh women and men take part on equal terms as president, secretaries, and activities organizers. The Sikh Gurus never said that man and women should play exactly the same role in every area of life. They thought that men and women should respect and value equally the different roles that each undertakes. In the Sikh marriage vows emphasis is on mutual faithfulness, and this again brings to our minds in another practical contest the word equality (Singh,1998,pg.22.). In view of all that has been presented so far, to many of us the ideal of equality to which Guru Nanak appealed the people in the fifteenth century significantly could serve as a model in our own day an age, and could give a new meaning, a new direction, a new authenticity to our own cause of equality chartered only in recent decades in the west. BIBLIOGRAPHY: ENRICO BENEDETTI ,2008,Living Donor Organs, McGraw Hill companies USA CHRISTHOPHER SHACKLE and ARVIND PAL SINGH MANDAIR,2005,Teaching of the Sikh Gurus, Published by Routledge,70 Madison Ave, New York. KANWALIJT KAUR SINGH, 1998,Sikhism for today, oxford University Press, Oxford, England NESBITT E., 2005 ,Sikhism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England NIRMAL NANAK, 2006, pg.150, Sikh philosophy and religion, New down press group publisher, Slough, Berkshire, England O.P.RALHAN,1997, The great Gurus of the Sikh, Anmoul publications, New Delhi India. SATWANT KAUR RAIT, 2005, Sikh women, Trentham books Limited, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, England. W.H. MCLEOD, 1999,Sikhs and Sikhism, Oxford University press, New Delhi) http://www.sikhnextdoor.org/students/learn.html ACCESSED ON 7/04/2010

Nightlife Pleasure vs. Pressure Essay -- miscellaneous

Nightlife Pleasure vs. Pressure Lebanese nightlife mixes people of all ages & backgrounds together into a very unique mode of entertainment. Some people are against going out at night and others are addicted to going out nightly. The different perspectives of the various people give better insight on finding out just how serious some issues on nightlife affect one another. If there is a direct way to find out just how the night life is for those that go out, no other person would be better to hear it from then the average college student. Their perspectives are indeed varied, but the argument is good. â€Å"It is essential for my buddies and I to go out† said Marwan Nouihed, a Senior in LAU. â€Å"I just don’t like the way that people go out just to be seen, and they don’t notice that they are over-exposing themselves† quoted Yasmine Shuhaiber, a freshman. What many may know is the substance abuse that enhances people going out, but they have no idea as to the extent of how serious it is consumed. â€Å"If I don’t drink there is no party, so whenever I’m out at night people better pour out a little liquor† views Ali Bini a Junior. â€Å"It’s not about drinking, that’s for kids, these days we look forward to stronger drugs to make us feel good† whispers Yamen Sukkarieh, a 23 year old. In general everyone consumes alcohol, but for those that don’t enjoy it, they find other methods to feel good. â€Å"You know what the main problem is about drinking or taking drugs? It’s the price everyon...

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: EARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT Essay

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: EARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT; STORY READING QUOTES â€Å"If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart.† ― Nelson Mandela â€Å"Your children can be around you all day, but if you don’t spend quality time with them and you don’t pay attention to them and talk to them and listen to them, it doesn’t matter that they’re just around you.† ―Brandy Norwood â€Å"The man who does not read has no advantage over the man who cannot read.† ― Mark Twain INTRODUCTION Language and literacy development does not begin in the first day a child attends school. Human beings develop language, even before actual words are formed in spoken language. From the time of birth, children’s literacy is influenced significantly by their family and environment. Their teachers serve as only one influence on the road to developing adequate literacy skills. This term paper is about the factors affecting development: early language stimulation, literate communities and environment; story reading that helps you to know how children acquire language and become literate. It enables you to understand how children learn language, the role of others in supporting this learning, and how a child becomes a reader and writer. Learning language and becoming literate are shown to be social, interactive processes. []In some cases, it also appoints people who live and work with very young children to interact with them in an appropriate way and to provide developmentally appropriate experience to support their development. Therefore, the vital role of others in supporting children’s learning is emphasized throughout this term paper. OBJECTIVES * To be ableto acknowledgeand understand these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child. * To be aware of how these factors affect the feelings of the child. * To be able to know how these factors affect the actions of a child as it grow and learn. Children likely to develop literacy skills when the day they born. However, there are several factors that affect a child to develop and master the language and literacy; these some factors are in the following: 1. Children living in poverty One of the most significant factors affecting children’s learning and development is growing up in an area of social deprivation. Deprivation has a negative impact on educational attainment. In the long term children who grow up in poverty leave school with fewer qualifications and skills, which in turn affects jobs and employment. Poverty is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society; for example, an increased likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal activity.[] 2. Income and material deprivation A low income has been shown to mean a lack access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space to study quietly. It affects the quality of the home environment and neighborhood as low income restricts where families can live. There may be no quiet spaces in which to work to or sleep and this has an impact on emotional well-being. Children’s diets may be  inadequate because of lack of money, and poor nutrition can lead to physical changes that affect cognitive ability and performance of the brain. [] 3. Health Low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout childhood. Poorer children are likely to suffer poorer health throughout their childhood, including chronic illness. [] 4. Cultural and social capital, and the experience of schooling Some research has suggested that a lack of social and cultural capital leads to low attainment for children living in poverty. I am suggested that children from lower socioeconomic groups have different background knowledge skills and interests that aren’t reflected in the school curriculum. The differences in cultural capital mean that the curriculum is more difficult for these children to access. The Social Exclusion Task Force reported that young people in deprived communities often lack social capital: access to sources of inspiration, role models, support and opportunity and even those children with high aspirations were found to lack the understanding about what to do to achieve their goals. [] 5. Deficiencies from Inadequate Diets A common problem for young children who do not eat enough meats and green vegetables is lack of iron, which results in chronic fatigue. Serious iron deficiencies lead to iron-deficiency anemia, a common nutrient deficiency. Some children may be malnourished even though they consume enough calories. These children fill up on â€Å"empty† non-nutritional calories (such as those found in cookies, and potato chips) and fail to eat enough healthful foods. Undernourished children tend to have stunted growth and delayed motor development. They are also are at risk for cognitive disabilities such as  low levels of attention, learning impairments, and poor academic school-related performance.[] 6. Functional Isolation Functional isolation results from direct and indirect effects of poor environment and inadequate nutrition. Diminished brain from stimulation–influences children’s behavior. The children may become more wary, easily tires, less attentive, and less playful, and they rarely show delight and pleasure. Because these children are not very responsive, caregivers do not interact with them much.[] 7. Parents as Teachers Probably the most important one is spending time with children. Although most parents are aware of the importance of reading to their children, not all parents routinely provide this type of experience. Many children are read to very little or not at all, and how often children are read to varies by income level and the race/ethnicity of the family.[] 8. Parent-child relationship This is concerns with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a child’s emergent literacy development.[] 9. Parental Characteristics There are two characteristics, the culture, ethnicity and parental beliefs. Culture and ethnicity affects areas such as the expectations for education, the patterns for language use in bilingual families (e.g., primary language used at home, language of the community, bilingual education).Parental beliefs include the family’s beliefs about the importance and role of the educational system in the literacy development of their children.[] 10. Child Characteristics It include the child’s level of engagement and social interaction in literacy-related activities, as well as language proficiency, cognitive abilities, developmental achievements, motivation, attention, and health conditions that might affect language and literacy development. Each of the child characteristics can influence the extent to which a child can use the support that the environment provides for early literacy learning. For example, the substantial body of research demonstrating that preschool children with language delays are at a significant risk for later difficulties in learning to read indicates that factors within the child can influence emergent literacy development.[] 11. Home LiteracyEnvironment It includes such aspects as book sharing between parents and children, parents reading aloud with their children, print materials being available to the children, and parents’ positive attitudes towards literacy activities. The home literacy environment is comprised of both direct and indirect literacy-related events. Direct literacy related events are those in which the child engages, such as book sharing with a parent or labeling the printed letters of the alphabet. Indirect literacy-related events are those about which the child learns through the observation of individuals as they engage in those activities (e.g., reading the newspaper, writing notes). [] 12. Teenage Mother Teenage mothers generally have less knowledge of child development than mothers who postpone childbearing. The teenage mother’s lack of general knowledge in child development can affect the child’s cognitive achievement and behavioral adjustment in school. The lack of understanding of development knowledge behavior can affect the language and literacy of the child that may lead to physical and emotional harm. [] 13. Sex Boys are faster than the girls in learning to talk. Compared to girls the mean length of sentence uttered by boys is less. The comprehension vocabulary is also small in case of boys. Boys commit more grammatical errors and their pronunciation is less accurate. Sex differences in favor of girls remain and become quite pounced with every increase in age.[] 14. Intelligence Intelligence plays a vital role in language development. Babbling at an early age is better predictor of child of child’s intelligence. Children of high intelligence show better linguistic competence both in vocabulary, length of sentences uttered and correctness of sentence structure.[] 15. Twins Twins and triplets are slower to learn the language than the single child. Their vocabulary skill is so faster than the twins.[] 16. Bilingual Homes In bilingual homes the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time.[] 17. Language of Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Children Children with hearing impairments often do not develop oral language skills as fully as other children do, but they are quite capable of acquiring a language of gestures called American Sign Language.[] But as these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child however there are ways to avoid this if people will apply some circumstances like as the following: 1. Teacher & Parents Parents should promote cognitive development by constructing an optimal learning environment in the home-they provide materials, experiences, and encouragement that help children to become curious explorers of their worlds. When children are exposed to a large variety of learning materials in a safe environment and when they receive encouragement for learning, they score higher on tests of language development and cognitive development than do children with less stimulating environments.[] 2. Story Telling -storytelling to children, exposing the child to different play things, naming the object describing the object.[] 3. Family Support – parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) provide the child with high levels of consistent and predictable love, physical care, and positive attention in ways that are responsive to the child’s individuality.[] 4. Positive Family Communication – parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) express themselves positively and respectfully, engaging young children in conversations that invite their input.[] 5. Caring Climate in Child Care and Educational Settings – caregivers and teachers create environments that are nurturing, accepting, encouraging, and secure.[] 6. Time at Home – the child spends most of her or his time at home participating in family activities and playing constructively with parent(s) guiding TV and electronic game use.[] 7. Early Literacy – the child enjoys a variety pre-reading activities including adults reading to her or him daily, looking at and handling books, playing with a variety of media, and showing interest in pictures, letters, and numbers.[] SUMMARY Developing language and literacy in early childhood can be affect by several factors; it can be a barrier or a key to early childhood from successful development in language and literacy. Those factors as barriers that affect the language and literacy development of children are children living in poverty, income and material deprivation, health, cultural and social capital, and the experience of schooling, deficiencies from inadequate diets, functional isolation, parents as teachers, parent-child relationship, parental characteristics, child characteristics, home literacy environment, teenage mother, sex, intelligence, twins, bilingual homes and language of deaf and hearing-impaired but if you sum up these factors the general outcome are family and environment. The family is the first one who will expose the child in language and literacy by teaching them before entering the school and before to interact in other human being while the environment will enhance what information they get from home and will also improve their understanding. But these hindrances can be prevented if the family of the child willing to give them a quality time in spite of many obstructions they has besides it is their responsibility to their children, they should give them a positive communication by talking to them often, reading them a story or giving them an activities that will help to develop their language and literacy. While when the children interact in the surroundings, family should guide them and know the limitation of their child on who they will interact with. This term paper can helps the parents how they will develop the language and literacy of their children and it also helps to guide them in the right way while growing and learning new things. REFERENCES Neaum, S. (2010).Child Development for Early Childhood Studies.Southernhay East, Britain: Learning Matters Ltd. Fabes, R.& Martin, C. L. (2011).Discovering Child Development.USA: Houghton MifflinCompany. 3rded. Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) (2012). Handbook of Family Literacy.Third Avenue, New York: Routledge.2nd ed. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) (2011). Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2nd ed. Neaum, S. (2012).Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London: Learning Matters. Brown, A. I. (2010). Children of Teenage Mothers: school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. United States: ProQuest LLC. Nisha, M. (2009).Milestone of Child Development.India: Kalpaz Publication. VanderVen, K. (2011). Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood: Building Blocks for a Successful Start. NY: Springer. 2nded. ACTIVITY A. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy development of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child. ____ 1. Poverty ____ 2. Ball ____ 3. Parents ____ 4. Doll ____ 5. Income ____ 6. Health ____ 7. Culture ____ 8. Quality Time ____ 9. Teacher ____ 10. Material Deprivation B. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following. 1. This factor is concerned with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a child’s emergent literacy development. a. Parent-child relationship b. Parent and Teachers relationship c. None of the above 2. In this factor, the low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout childhood. a. Spiritual Aspect b. Poverty c. Health 3. This factor is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society; for example, an increased likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal activity. a. Health b. Deficiency c. Poverty 4. This factor has been shown to mean a lacked access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space to study quietly. a. Child b. Low Income c. Health 5. This factor is the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time. a. Functional Isolation b. Low Income c. Bilingual Homes Answer Key: A. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy development of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child. 1. DA 2. DNA 3. DA 4. DNA 5. DA 6. DA 7. DA 8. DA 9. DA 10. DA B. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2011. p24. 2nd ed. [ 3 ]. Neaum, S. Child Development for Early Childhood Studies. Southernhay East, Britain: Learning Matters Ltd. 2010. p132. [ 4 ]. Ibd p132. [ 5 ]. Ibd p132. [ 6 ]. Ibd p132. [ 7 ]. Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development. USA: Houghton: Mifflin Company. 2011. 3rd ed [ 8 ]. Ibd [ 9 ]. Ibd [ 10 ]. Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) Handbook of Family Literacy. Third Avenue, New York: Routledge. 2012. 2nd ed. [ 11 ]. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2011. p24-25. 2nd ed. [ 12 ]. Ibd p25. [ 13 ]. Ibd p25. [ 14 ]. Brown, A. I. Children of Teenage Mothers: school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. United States: ProQuest LLC. 2009. p38. [ 15 ]. Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. (India: Kalpaz Publication. 2010. p196. [ 16 ]. Ibd p196. [ 17 ]. Ibd p196. [ 18 ]. Ibd p196. [ 19 ]. Neaum, S. Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London: Learning Matters. 2012. [ 20 ]. Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development.USA: Houghton: Mifflin Company.2011. 3rd ed [ 21 ]. Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. India: Kalpaz Publication. 2009. p196. [ 22 ]. VanderVen, K. Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood: Building Blocks for a Successful Start. NY: Springer. 2011. p8. 2nd ed. [ 23 ]. Ibd p8. [ 24 ]. Ibd p9. [ 25 ]. Ibd p10. [ 26 ]. Ibd p11.

Their Eyes Were Watching God †Rebirth of Transcendentalism Essay

A century elapsed between the period of transcendentalism and the publication of Zora Neale Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. During this time, the philosophies of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau faded as the post-war era of social realism began to dominate American culture and American literature. Thus, Their Eyes, published in 1937, was scorned and criticized by many for not being â€Å"political or serious† enough. It was not until twenty years after Hurston’s death that people began to appreciate Hurston’s works, especially Their Eyes, as important literatures in the African American and the American feminist movements. With further analysis, although Their Eyes is a modern novel, it actually takes the readers back to the period of Thoreau and Emerson; Their Eyes Were Watching God possesses elements of transcendentalism – self-reliance, nonconformity, and the over-soul – as supported by the essays of transcendentalist thinkers. To begin, a fundamental idea of transcendentalism is self-reliance, which stresses a person’s own judgment and intuition. Janie, the protagonist of Their Eyes, shows self-reliance when she uses her own judgments for the struggles she faces. For example, as she realizes that her marriage with Jody is tumbling down, â€Å"she saw that it never was the flesh and blood figure of her dreams. Just something she had grabbed up to drape her dreams over. [†¦] She had an inside and an outside now and suddenly she knew how not to mix them† (Hurston, 72). Janie knows her goals and desires, both are which shattered by Jody, so she must now distinguish the difference between the lies and the truth of her dream. Together with courage, her intuition gives her the strength to speak up to Jody on his death bed. Moreover, when she finally finds the love of her life, she feels â€Å"a self-crushing love, [allowing] her soul [to] crawl from its hiding place† (Hurston, 128). She doesn’t hide her feelings but goes to pursue her lover, Tea Cake. She is strong-will and has control over her feelings and thoughts. Even Tea Cake encourages Janie to use her own mind, â€Å"‘Nobody else on earth kin hold uh candle tuh you, baby. You got de keys to de kingdom’† (Hurston, 109). As Emerson would say that Janie possesses transcendentalist ideals because, â€Å"[She has the] integrity of [her] own mind [†¦] What [she] must do is all that concerns [her], not what the people think† (Emerson, 80). Her past experiences and her present judgments lead Janie to maker her own path in the future. Only when Janie relies on herself and holds her â€Å"keys to de kingdom† does she find her happiness and reach her dream. Furthermore, another element of transcendentalism is nonconformity, or individualism, which stresses the importance of finding one’s identity instead of giving in to society. Emerson explains nonconformity as â€Å"the great man who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude (Emerson 80). Janie shows exactly this on the day she arrives back in Eatonville. Dressed in her blue satin dress, she confidently walks past the women and men, ignoring their hurtful gossips and leaving them in awe. Despite her solitude due to Tea Cake’s death, Janie welcomes her independence; she is perfectly at ease with herself. Moreover, Thoreau also writes about nonconformity; he writes, â€Å"The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right [†¦] They only can force me who obey a higher law than I† (Thoreau, 104). Janie shares Thoreau’s attitude when she stands up to both of her late husbands and declares what she believes is right. Logan tells her that she doesn’t belong anywhere but â€Å"‘It’s wherever Ah need yuh’† (Hurston, 31). This is probably the worst thing he can say to his newlywed; it’s hurtful, disparaging, and disrespectful. However, unlike all the other women, such as Nanny, during the time, Janie stands up for herself by yelling back at his wrongs so she can gain back her independence and dignity. As for Jody – a husband who makes her tie her hair back, denies her of speech and social interaction, and abuses her – Janie finally takes up the courage to tell the truth at his deathbed. â€Å"‘All dis bowin’ down, all dis obedience under yo’ voice—dat ain’t whut Ah rushed off down de road tuh find out about you’† (Hurston, 86). Jody has crushed her hopes and dreams and her image of love, and she’s not about to let him forget that. She would not obey; she has no obligation to obey. After Jody’s death, Janie is finally free. Even more, she feels no remorse and she doesn’t mourn because the lost of her husband gives her back her individuality. Last but not least, the over-soul is another focal point of transcendentalism; it connects God, Nature, and Man. Emerson writes in his essay, Over-soul, â€Å"We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related; the eternal One† (Emerson, Over-soul). This over-soul connects the broken pieces of the universe together. Hurston’s Their Eyes contains many details that support the over-soul. For instance, in the beginning Janie â€Å"saw a dust-bearing bee sink into the sanctum of a bloom; the thousand sister-calyxes arch to meet the love embrace and the ecstatic shiver of the tree form root to tiniest branch creaming in every blossom and frothing with delight† (Hurston, 11). This imagery of the bee and the flower symbolizes Janie’s dream. The bee and the flower coexisted in harmony, just like what Janie hopes her marriage will be. This is Janie’s innocent soul as depicted by nature. Later on however, as she’s forced into marrying a man she doesn’t love, she begins to know â€Å"the words of the trees and the wind. She often spoke to falling seeds and said, ‘Ah hope you fall on soft ground’ [†¦] Janie’s first dream was dead, so she became a woman† (Hurston 25). As she begins to mature more, she also begins to understand the sound of nature. Nature and Janie’s souls appear to be one, united and growing together. She talks to the seeds, warning them, sympathizing with them of a world that can be disappointing and unfair. Finally, after she shoots her beloved Tea Cake in order to protect herself, Hurston writes that Janie â€Å"pulled in her horizon like a great fish-net. Pulled it from around the waist of the world and draped it over her shoulder. So much of life in its meshes! She called in her soul to come and see† (Hurston, 193). Although it was a tragic and sudden death, Janie is in peace. The love of Tea Cake will not be forgotten because he will always be with her. Janie now understands the mysteries of nature and her world; she is ready for whatever that may come. Janie has learned and grown, most importantly, she has found her soul. All in all, a century later, Their Eyes Were Watching God leads to the rebirth of transcendentalist ideas, including but not limited to self-reliance, nonconformity, and the over-soul. Throughout her journey, Janie begins to identify herself as a self-reliant individual with a soul, all of which are transcendental characteristics. In the mid 1900s, because of the on going civil rights movements, an African American woman is the least expected person to posses all these traits. Even so, Janie Crawford becomes a prominent literature figure that gives people hopes and dreams, while fulfilling those of Emerson and Thoreau. Bibliography Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"From Self-Reliance. † The InterActive Reader Plus. Illinoise: McDougal Littell, 2003. 78-83. Print. Ferguson, Craig. â€Å"Ralph Waldo Emerson – â€Å"Within Man Is the Soul of the Whole; the Wise Silence; the Universal Beauty†Ã¢â‚¬  Transcendental MeditationBlog. N. p. , 27 Mar. 2010. Web. 05 Aug. 2013. . Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God: A Novel. New York: Perennial Library, 1990. Print. Thoreau, Hentry David. â€Å"From Civil Disobedience. † The InterActive Reader Plus. Illinoise: McDougal Littell, 2003. 90-105. Print.